Course Title：拉丁美洲左翼浪潮与民族认同（1989-2024）

Following the crisis and dissolution of the Soviet Union, neoliberalism solidified its dominance in Europe, the United States, and Latin America. However, growing disillusionment with political elites, alongside persistent poverty and social inequality, fueled the resurgence of left-wing parties and movements in Latin America, which gained power through electoral processes. Although there is no academic consensus on how to define this phenomenon, it is commonly referred to as the "new Latin American left". This movement can be divided into two main phases: the first began with the rise to power of Hugo Chávez (1999), Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003), Néstor Kirchner (2003), and Evo Morales (2006). The second phase saw the expansion of this trend across the region’s most populous countries, bringing to power leaders such as Andrés Manuel López Obrador in Mexico (2018), Alberto Fernández in Argentina (2019), Pedro Castillo in Peru (2021), Gustavo Petro in Colombia (2022), Gabriel Boric in Chile (2022), and the return of Lula to the presidency in Brazil (2023). On the other hand, in recent years, political life in the region—particularly in Argentina and Mexico—has become increasingly polarized. In this context, Javier Milei's rise to power marks a new phase of challenges and intensified political divisions across the region. This seminar explores the emergence and evolution of the new movements in Latin America from 1989 to 2024, analyzing their relationship with national identity and globalization. Special emphasis will be placed on the experiences of Bolivia, Mexico, and Argentina. Through a comparative perspective, students will engage in critical discussions on Latin American political dynamics and their implications for global cooperation.